This presentation introduces a theory on how courts shape democracy under populist leaders. Using two case studies, this presentation shows why Ecuador, under Rafael Correa (2007–2017), experienced democratic decline, while Argentina, under Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2007–2015), maintained democratic resilience. The presentation highlights the importance of early efforts to protect judicial independence, outlines practical ways courts can build coalitions, and discusses how pro-democratic actors can increase the costs of executive aggrandizement.