As geopolitical tensions rise and violent conflicts surge, the political consensus underpinning International Humanitarian Law (IHL) appears to be crumbling. Shifts in the means, modes, and actors of war test the relevance of the Geneva Conventions, while frequent violations by powerful states and the failure to enforce rulings from international courts threaten IHL’s efficacy. This panel will examine the Geneva Conventions’ historical development, the contemporary challenges to IHL, and how it might evolve to remain effective.